Nature-inspired nanothylakoids for multimodal cancer therapeutics

Multimodal therapy has been recognized as a powerful platform for the precise treatment of cancer. However, reported multimodal therapeutic systems often involve sophisticated components and tedious fabrication procedures. As such, developing nature-inspired easily-obtainable theranostic agents cancer remains challenging. In this work, we propose nanothylakoids agent both in vitro vivo. Nanothylakoids extracted from spinach leaves exhibit prominent photothermal photodynamic inactivation on 4T1 MCF-7 cells due to their outstanding conversion/photosensitization capabilities. Additionally, peroxidase-like catalytic activity is simultaneously verified, which facilitates oxidation H2O2 cytotoxic hydroxyl radical (·OH) thus cause efficient cell apoptosis. Interestingly, selective cytotoxicity found overexpression H2O2. vivo results substantiate outcome excellent biosafety nanothylakoids. with photothermal/photodynamic effects open new avenue development materials, holding great promise therapeutics.